Effect of physical activity on quality of sleep in female students

Background and Objective: Sleep is an important component of the circadian cycle is associated with the restoration of the physical and mental faculties. Physical activity is one of the confounding factors in improving sleep quality. This study was done to determine the effect of physical activity on quality of sleep in female students

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 370 female students in Zabol University in southeast of Iran. Demographic data through a questionnaire were collected for each subject. Sleep quality and physical activity of subjects were recorded using standardized questionnaire Pittsburgh sleep quality index [PSQI] and physical activity Beck test. Subjects according to physical activity divided into active and inactive groups

Results: Poor sleep quality was seen in 25.2% and 67.4% of active and inactive students, respectively. Mean of Sleep quality in both groups active 5.73 +/- 3.22 and inactive 7.21 +/- 3.75 was inappropriate but sleep quality in active females was higher than inactive females [P<0.05]

A favorable condition for the quality of sleep was seen in 65.7% of the active group with BMI<25 and only 9.1% of students BMI was more than 25. In inactive students, 60.8% of subjects with BMI<25 had poor sleep quality. Both levels of BMI, sleep quality was significantly different between the groups, but this difference was higher in the active group [P<0.05]

Conclusion: Poor sleep quality was seen in high percentage of female students and physical activity influences the quality of sleep

superiority of paracostal endoscopic-assisted gastropexy over open incisional and belt loop gastropexy in dogs: a comparison of three prophylactic techniques

Prophylactic gastropexy is a procedure that prevents the occurrence of a life threatening condition known as gastric dilation and volvulus [GDV] in dogs. The objective of this study was to compare incisional, belt loop and minimally invasive endoscopically assisted gastropexy by evaluating different parameters such as surgical time, length of scar and score of pain in dogs. Twenty-one healthy, mixed-breed adult dogs weighting 14.3 +/- 2.6 kg were randomly divided into three groups. Three gastropexy techniques applied in the following order: incisional [group I], belt loop [group B], and endoscopically assisted gastropexy [group E]. Surgical time, anesthetic time, length of surgical incision and score of pain 3 h after surgery were recorded for all dogs. Two weeks after the surgery, positive-contrast gastrography was used to evaluate stomach position and total gastric emptying time. Ultrasonography was also used to evaluate the gastropexy two months after the surgery. Adhesion was confirmed two months after the surgery between the stomach wall at the pyloric antrum and the right side of the body wall in all dogs by ultrasound. The mean surgical time, length of surgical incision and score of pain were significantly lower in group E compared to group I and B [P<0.05]. No significant differences were found in total gastric emptying time and gastropexy thickness post-operatively [P>0.05]. Due to advantages observed in the current study, the endoscopically assisted technique seems to be a suitable alternative to open incisional and belt loop gastropexies for performing prophylactic gastropexy, especially when performed by skilled surgeons

On-road vehicle emissions forecast using ive simulation model

During the recent decades, rapid urbanization growth has led to even faster growth of motor vehicles and especially in large cities. Hence, evaluation of the actual level of traffic emissions has gained more interest. This paper, for the first time, presents a bottom-up approach for evaluation of vehicular emissions in Tehran- the capital of Iran- using the International Vehicle Emission [IVE] model. The IVE model uses local vehicle technology levels and its distributions, power based driving factors, vehicle soak distributions and meteorological parameters to tailor the model for specific evaluation of emissions. The results of this study demonstrate that carbon monoxide [CO] emission with 244.45 ton/hr during peak traffic hour is the most abundant criteria pollutant. About 25% of this quantity is emitted during start-up periods. Other pollutants such as NO[x], VOC[s], PM, VOC[evap] and SO[x] are ranked after CO accordingly. Also, carbon dioxide [CO[2] emissions of 1744.22 ton/hr during the study period indicate that light vehicles are responsible for more than 82% of this amount. Based on IVE's evaluation, about 25% of the total vehicle emissions in Tehran come from districts 2, 4 and 6 respectively. It has further been inferred that the development of public transportation systems and proper land-use and urban spatial planning for various centers in these districts are essential

Effects of mesenchymal stem cells with injectable scaffold on cardiac function in myocardial infarction in Rabbit

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells can transdifferentiate into Cardiomyocyte cells and improve heart function after transplantation. Since biomaterials can improve the cell retention in the site, cell survival and differentiation, heart tissue engineering is now being explored as an applied solution to support cell-based therapies and increase their efficacy for myocardial diseases. Chitosan in combination with Glycerol Phosphate [GP] can produce a thermo sensitive material that in body temperature can form a jellylike material. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a combination of autologous undifferentiated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells [MSCs] and injectable scaffold on cardiac function improvement in rabbits after inducing myocardial infarction. The Left Anterior Descending [LAD] coronary artery was ligated by No. 6-0 poly amide suture material, and autologous MSCs with injectable scaffold were injected into the margins of the infarcted zone at the time of surgery. At 4 weeks after transplantation, the cardiac function and structure was detected using echocardiography. There was no significant difference among the three groups [MI only, MI Scaffold, and MI+Scaffold+MSCs] in the Echocardio-graphic parameters including, heart rate [HR], Ejection Fraction [EF], Fractional Shortening [FS], Left Ventricular Diameter [LVD] and Left Ventricular Parietal Wall Diameter [LVPW]. A combination of autologous undifferentiated bone marrow MSCs and injectable scaffold made of Chitosan+ Glycerol Phosphate in echocardiographic evaluation did not have a positive influence on achieving functional improvement

[Relationship between central corneal thickness, intra ocular pressure and visual field in normal tension and primary open angle glaucoma]

Glaucoma is one of the most important cause of blindness wordwide. Exact determination of intra ocular pressure is important for the diagnosis and decision making about glaucoma treatment. Central corneal thickness is considered as effective factor on intra ocular pressure and visual field defect. This study was carried out to determine the relationship between central corneal thickness, intra ocular pressure and visual field in normal tension and primary open angle glaucoma. This descriptive study was carried out on 45 eyes with normal tension glaucoma and 45 eyes with primary open angle glaucoma in Al-Zahra ophthalmology hospital in Zahedan, Iran during 2010. Intra ocular pressure and central corneal thickness were measured by Goldman tonometer and pachymeter and visual field exanimated by Humphrey perimeter. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16, paired t-test, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney and Pearson correlation tests. There was significant correlation between central corneal thickness and intra ocular pressure [r=0.309, P<0.05]. A significant difference was detected in intra ocular pressure between two type of glaucoma [P<0.05]. Mean value of central corneal thickness in patient with mild visual field defect was higher than severe visual field defect but there was not significant statistical difference between central corneal thickness and visual field defect in subjects with glaucoma. This study indicated that increasing corneal thickness is accompanied with intra occular presure

Faecal fat and body weight changes following Roux-en-Y and jejunal loop interposition reconstructive technique in total gastrectomized dogs

Total gastrectomy is one of the most common operative procedures for gastric malignancy, but the recommended method of gastrointestinal reconstruction after gastrectomy is still controversial. Significant weight loss has been noted by many observers following gastrectomy. The Roux-en-Y method is the most frequent reconstructive technique performed after gastrectomy. This technique is easy to perform and prevents reflux esophagitis, but the major disadvantage of the technique is bypassing of the duodenum from the transit of food. This study was performed to compare two reconstructive techniques [the standard Roux-en-Y and jejunal loop interposition] after gastrectomy, considering post operative body weight loss in 10 healthy dogs. In group A, Roux-en-Y, following gastrectomy end to side anastomosis was performed between the distal jejunal end and remained part of the stomach. In group B, jejunal loop interposition, a 20 cm section of jejunal loop was resected and interposition of the loop was performed between the remaining part of the stomach and the duodenum. The patients were weighed before and after surgery until 30 days postoperatively and their weights were recorded daily. Also, faecal fat was measured on day 28 postoperatively. No fat was detected in faecal samples in group B, however different amounts of fat were measured in group A. Mean of preoperative weight was 28 +/- 3 kg. Data indicates a significant difference in mean of body weights in both groups pre and post operatively [P<0.05]. Mean percentage of body weights was significantly lower 67.18% +/- 4.4 in group A compared to group B [73.05% +/- 3.9] [P=0.04], which can indicate the importance of duodenal passage in reduction of post operative body weight loss

Minimally invasive total splenectomy in dogs: a clinical report

Cases of minimally-invasive surgery are gaining acceptance among surgeons and animal owners. One type of minimally-invasive surgery is total splenectomy, which is indicated for splenic tumors, trauma, torsions, and for dogs that require blood transfusion. To assess the safety of the technique, experimental laparoscopic splenectomies were performed in dogs for the first time in Iran. Three adult male mixed-breed dogs were placed in dorsal recumbency at a 45° angle in the right lateral position, under aseptic condition and general anesthesia. Three trocars were placed; at the umbilicus, 3 cm cranial to the umbilicus and in the right caudolateral abdomen. The spleen was rotated 90° laterally and thermal coagulation of the blood vessels was performed by bipolar electrocautery. The pedicles were checked to ensure hemostasis. The spleen was morcellated and removed from the umbilical port using a retrieval bag. The mean surgery time was 42 minutes, and all dogs survived the surgery without complications. Laparoscopic splenectomy via three portals was found to be easy and safe

[Effect of methanolic and n-hexanic extracts of allium porrum L. on some human coagulation tests in vitro]

Allium porrum L. is a plant from the Liliaceae family and has been used in Iranian foods as flavor. It has been used in traditional medicine in different ways. In the western parts of Iran, people believe that the fresh Allium juice can inhibit epistaxis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of methanolic and n-hexanic extracts of Allium porrum L. on coagulation tests in human beings in vitro. The methanolic and n-hexanic extracts of Allium porrum L. were prepared using continuous extraction method. Effect of different concentrations of extracts on prothrombin time [PT], partial thromboplastin time [PTT] and clotting time [CT] was evaluated. The result was analyzed by analysis of variance. The results of the present study showed that the methanolic extract of Allium porrum increased PT and PTT but failed to change the clotting time. In the presence of N-hexanic extract, clotting time increased but PT decreased. The results of this study indicated that Allium porrum extracts had a significant anti-coagulatory effect. However, some of the findings of this study are controversial, and further studies on animal models are needed in order to clarify the possible mechanisms

comparison between unreamed locked intramedullary nailing and plate-screw fixation in the treatment of tibial diaphyseal fractures

Tibial diaphyseal fracture is the most common fracture of long bones. In Iran plating and un-dreamed tibial nailing [UTN] are the most commonly used methods and because of paucity of equipments such as c-arm and reaming sets, the reamed method is rarely used. This study compares these two methods. In a randomized clinical trial study including 100 patients [78 males, 22 females; mean age=24 years; range=16-50 years] undergoing UTN and plate-screw in the treatment of uncomminuted closed tibial shaft fractures [50 patients in each group] were compared regarding the union time and complications after a mean follow up of 16 months [12-20 months]. the mean time to union was 16 weeks with UTN and 14.3 weeks with plate-screw fixation. There was 4 [8%] and 3 [6%] non unions after UTN and plating respectively. Plain radiographs in both groups showed angu-lation in 3 patients; all in distal third and in varus [6%]. There was not any infection after UTN but one case of superficial and one case of deep infection were noticed after osteosynthesis with plate and screw [4%]. Four patients after UTN and 4 patients after fixation with plate-screw required reoperation [8%]. plate-screw osteosynthesis yielded satisfactory results in uncomminuted closed fractures of the tibial shaft comparable with UTN results

[Detection of mutation in codon 315 katG gene as a gene marker associated with isoniazid resistance, in mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated from patients in Isfahan and Tehran by PCR-RFLP method]

Drug resistance to tuberculosis is continuously increasing and is a significant threat to tuberculosis control programs because afew effective drugs are present against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although isoniazid [INH] is the most effective drug against tuberculosis, resistance to this drug also develops readily. Mutations in katG, specially the Ser315Thr substitution, are responsible for isoniazid resistance in a large proportion of patients with tuberculosis. However, the frequency of the katG Ser315Thr substitution varies among population samples. This study provided molecular characterization of isoniazid resistance of M. tuberculosis strains and extended our knowledge about molecular basis of M. tuberculosis drug resistance that is widely applicable for rapid drug resistance detection. Using 1% proportional method, the sensitivity of 126 strains isolated from patients in Isfahan and Tehran to isoniazid was determined. The katG mutations in codon 315 associated with isoniazid resistance among isoniazid resistant isolates was determined by PCR-RFLP. In this way, 355 bp PCR products were digested by MspI. Out of 126 isolates of M. tuberculosis, 32 [25.4%] strains were determined as INH resistant. Resistance rate was 22.6% [19 strains] in Isfahan and 31% [13 strains] in Tehran. Overall, 72% of isoniazidresistant isolates could be identified by analysis of just katG 315 loci. The PCR-RFLP using MspI restriction enzyme that detects katG Ser315Thr substitution could be identified in 72% of isoniazid-resistant strains. Elucidation of the molecular characterization of isoniazid resistance in M. tuberculosis has led to the development of different genotypic approaches to the rapid detection of isoniazid resistant in clinical isolates

Detection of s315t mutation in the katg gene associated with isoniazid resistance in mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from isfahan and tehran by PCR-RFLP

Drug resistance to tuberculosis is increasing continuously and is a significant threat to tuberculosis control programs because there arc few drugs effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although isoniazid is most efficient in killing the tuberculosis bacilli, resistance to this drug also develops most readily. Mutations in katG, in particular the Ser 315 Thr substitution, are responsible for isoniazid resistance in a large proportion of tuberculosis cases. However, the frequency of the katG Ser 315 Thr substitution varies with population samples. This study provided the first molecular characterization of isoniazid resistance of M. tuberculosis strains and extended our knowledge of molecular basis of M. tuberculosis drug resistance that are widely applicable for rapid drug resistance detection. Using 1% proportional method, the sensitivity of 126 strains collected from Isfahan and Tehran to isoniazid was determined. The katG mutations in codon 315 associated with isoniazid resistance among isoniazid resistant isolates were determined by PCR-RFLP. In this way, 355 bp PCR products were digested by Mspl of 126 isolates of M. tuberculosis, 32 [25.4%] strains were determined as INH resistant. Resistance rate was 22.6% [19 strains] in Isfahan and 31% [13 strains] in Tehran. In total, 72% of isoniazid-resistant isolates could be identified by analysis of just katG 315 loci. The PCR-RFLP with Mspl that detect katG Ser315Thr substitution identified more isoniazid-resistant strains with mutations at codon 315 in the katG. Elucidation of the molecular basis of isoniazid resistance in M. tuberculosis has led to the development of different genotypic approaches for the rapid detection of isoniazid resistance in clinical isolates

[Laparoscopic abdominal surgeries: a review]

Laparoscopic technique in recent years has tremendously being used as a non invasive surgery to perform different operation in abdominal and thoracic cavities. This technique has been used from 1987 in different aspect of human surgery. In addition to diagnosis, biopsy, visualizing adhesion and neoplastic structure, recently cholecystectomy and ovariohysterectomy were also commonly being used as a therapeutic measure. Different investigations using laparoscope, indicate superiority of this technique as compare to that of conventional open surgery method in areas of pain, time, hospitalization, anatomical dissection, immunity reaction, cosmetic appearance, adhesion and wound involved. Veterinary laparoscopic technique use now a days is also being extensively increasing in different organs Gasterointestinal laparoscopic surgery is routinely being performed to remove foreign body, neoplasia, obstruction, duodenal and pyloric wound. Looking to future light for improving usage of laparoscopic technique in research and clinical aspect plus improving the concept of reducing pain and surgical complications, It is extremely necessary to take proper decision/action to improve research outcome in near future for application of laparoscopic tools in abdominal surgery. Laparoscopic surgeries in gastrointestinal tract have several advantages. Reduction in the period of postoperative intestinal paralysis so that gastrointestinal function returns more rapidly to normal status following minimally invasive surgery. It also involves a reduced immune response compared with open surgery. Reduced tissue desiccation and foreign body contamination and also fewer intra-abdominal adhesion. It has gained wide clinical acceptance in surgical practice in comparison to open surgery

Comparative evaluation of laparoscopic and open elective ovariohysterectomy in dogs

Laparoscopic and open ovariohysterectomy were compared for the following parameters: surgical time, incision length, suture number, saturation of oxyhemoglobin [SpO2], heart rate, complications, CBC findings, Melbourne pain scale [MPS] and gross pathology. MPS pain scores were evaluated using Mann-whitney U Test. Other parameters were evaluated using Student's t test. There were no significant differences in SPo2, heart rate, surgical complications, MPS pain scores and CBC, where as the blood loss was significantly [P < 0.05] lower and the total incision length and suture number was less in laparoscopic group. There were less surgical time and more extensive adhesion formation in the open technique. The laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy is a potentially safe surgical technique in dogs and leads to less adhesion formation that may result in pain of adhesion sites and movement limitation

Numerical simulation of pulsatile flow with newtonian and non-newtonian behavior in arterial stenosis

There is considerable evidence that vascular fluid dynamics plays an important role in the development and prevalence of atherosclerosis which is one of the most widespread disease in humans .The onset and prevalence of atherosclerosis hemodynamic parameter are largely affected by geometric parameters. If any obstacle interferes with the blood flow, the above parameters change dramatically. Most of the arterial diseases, such as atherosclerosis, occur in the arteries with complex patterns of fluid flow where the blood dynamics plays an important role. Arterial stenosis mostly occurs in an area with a complex pattern of fluid flow, such as coronary artery, aorta bifurcation, carotid and vessels of lower limbs. During the past three decades, many experimental studies have been performed on the hemodynamic role of the blood in forming sediment in the inner wall of the vessels. It has been shown that forming sediment in the inner wall of vessels depends on the velocity of fluid and also on the amount of wall shear stress.We have examined the effect on the blood flow of local stenosis in carotid artery in numerical form using the incompressible Navier-Stockes equations. The profile of the velocity in different parts and times in the pulsatile cycle, separation and reattachment points on the wall, the distance stability of flow and also alteration caused by the wall shear stress in entire vessel were shown and compared with two behaviors flow [Newtonian and Non-Newtonian].Finally we describe the influence of the severity of the stenosis on the separation and reattachment points for a Non-Newtonian fuid. In the present study, we have pointed very low and high oscillating WSS [Wall Shear Stress] values play a significant role in the development of forming sediment in the inner wall of vessels. Also, we obtain this probability is higher for Newtonian than Non-Newtonian fluid behavior.Based on our results, the possibility of the endothelium destruction is greater with the Newtonian fluid behavior and in the regions where WSS are beyond the range of 10-420 dyne/cm2

Evaluation of students belief on success in postgraduation life in Bahonar university and Bahonar medical university, in the year 1383

Success expectation in future has its roots in healthy familial and social life style. It is considered as an invaluable source of reducing anornialities, health promotion, adoptation with stressfull situation, and life quality. This is a cross sectional descriptive study which examines beliefs of students of two universities of Kerman city [Bahonar university and Bahonar university of medical sciences] in autumn 1383. It was performed as interview with 1733 student whom were selected randomly from six faculties of each university. Questionaire of Golriz and Baraheni was used and its vali3ity controlled. By doing interview for second time in 3 weeks with 80 students reliability of questionaire was found to be 0.92. Datas were analyzed with SPSS software. 1048 of sutdents were male and 689 cases were female. In Bahonar university, 12% gained weak, 30% moderate and 49% strong scores regarding their believes on success in postgraduation life, but in Bahonar university of medical sciences rates were 16, 52 and 28%, respectively. There was no statistical significance. Females in both universities had a stronger believes [59% to 41%]. Regression analysis revealed sex, mother's level of education, residence place, and educational branch as significant prognostic factors. Findings of this study will help health policy makers and other levels of managers to plan appropriate programms increasing positive attitudes among students hence guarantee a more healthy work style

[Expression of Bcl-2 gene in primary breast cancer and its correlation with some prognostic factors]

The breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women. Bcl-2 expression has been determined in more than half of the cases of breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the expression of bcl-2 gene in primary breast cancer and its correlation with grade, stage and axillary lymph node involvement. The study was a cross-sectional one that was performed on 75 patients with breast cancer admitted to Mostafa Khomeini hospital [2000-2005]. After preparing the samples, a tissue section from each sample was obtained. One of the tumoral sections and one of the lymph node sections were stained using H and E. We determined the type of the tumor, the number of lymph nodes, the stage and the grade of the tumor. We studied Bcl-2 with polyclonal antibody by IHC. Our study showed that 69.3% of patients had hymph node involvment. In addition, 41.3% of samples were positive for Bcl-2, 58.7% of samples were in stage II and many patients [42.7%] were in grade III. In this study, we didn't find any relationship between bcl-2 and stage and lymph node involvment. We also found a significant association between bcl-2 and grade [P<0.006]. Also, high bcl-2 expression was more frequent in high-grade tumor. According to the results obtained from earlier studies and our study, it seems that bcl2 is a prognostic factor in breast cancer. But further investigations with more specimens and long-time follow-up are required to clarify the exact role of Bcl-2 in the prognosis of breast cancer

[Histomorphological and histomorphometrical study of embryonic renal artery in Mehraban ewes]

To study microscopic structure of renal artery and measurement of histomorphometrical parameters before birth. Observational study. Twelve embryonic artery of both sexes at 3 and 4 months age. Samples of arteries were taken and fixed in 10% formalin. The process was done in autotechnicon. Sections of 6 micron were stained by H and E and green mason trichrom and studied under light microscope. Descriptive statistics. All 3 layers of the wall of vessels were well developed in both sexes and ages of renal artery. In both ages, hitomorphometrical studies showed that total diameter of renal artery in males was lesser than the females. Increase in age increased thickness of wall and diameter of lumen. While there were not significant difference between sexes, the measured parameters of renal artery showed significant difference between age groups. Histomorphological structures of embryonic renal artery in sheep showed 3 vascular layers. Internal elastic membrane was clearly and external elastic membrane was poorly observed and in some regions was interrupted. The recent layer will completely develop after birth by development of blood circulation. Increase in the age increase percentage of tunica media. On the other hand, percentage of other layers showed partially decrease

Penicillin susceptibility testing of streptococcus pneumoniae by oxacillin disk screening method and standard broth microdilution method

Despite the widespread use of new antibiotics, Streptococcus pneumoniae still remains a significant cause of infection-caused morbidity and mortality across all age groups the world over. Isolates of Pneumococci that are resistant to Penicillin and other antibiotics are being found with increasing frequency. Rapid recognition of Penicillin-resistant strains in the laboratory is therefore critical to proper selection of antimicrobial therapy. The present study, carried out on clinical specimens, compared the Oxacillin disk screening test with the standard broth microdilution method in order to determine antibiotic susceptibility of Penicillin-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. For the purposes of this study, 327 clinical samples were collected and Pneumococci strains were isolated from various parts of human body including blood, sputum, CSF etc. The minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] of Penicillin G was determined using the standard broth microdilution method. The diffusion method [Kirby and Bauer] with 1 microg Oxacillin disk was used for first screening of Penicillin-resistant Pneumococci. A total of 61 S. pneumoniae strains were isolated from the clinical samples. The disk diffusion method classified 85% of the isolates as highly Penicillin-resistant and 15% as susceptible, while the microdilution method identified 19.6% susceptible to Penicillin, 16.2% moderately susceptible, and 18.1% highly resistant to Penicillin. Comparison of the two methods applied showed that the Oxacillin disk screen test was false-positive in 25% of the cases but the susceptibility of the strains to Penicillin as detected by the two methods did not show significant differences [p>0.05]. The high percentage of Pneumococci resistance to P-lactam antibiotics, particularly to Penicillin, necessitates the application of Oxacillin disk screening test as a cost-effecfive and rapid test and as an essential tool for initial diagnosis of resistant strains. The test is regarded as very sensitive but of low specificity because it does not distinguish between isolates highly resistant to Penicillin and those with intermediate resistance. It is, therefore, advisable that the standard microdilution test should be used for serious infections like meningitis or bacteriome

[Treatment of combined anterolateral posterolateral rotary instability without PLC reconstruction]

Combined anterolateral and posterolateral rotary instability are treated by correcting knee alignment, Anterior Cruciate Ligament [ACL] reconstruction and repair or reconstruction of the Posterolateral Complex [PLC]. Because of technical difficulties encountered in these operations and the need for more than two stages, and considering the controversy among the importance of Posterolateral Complex [PLC] in valgue knee, this study was performed to treat this instability by ACL reconstruction alone, after correction of varus, without reconstruction of the posterolateral complex and further extra-articular manipulation. This clinical trial was performed on 29 patients [29 knees] with combined anterolateral and posterolateral rotary instability. Instability signs were recorded. Arthroscopy was then performed. To correct alignment, a valgus osteotomy was done and then an ACL reconstruction carried out. Results after a mean of 23 months follow-up, were compared to the ones of before surgery. Fisher Exact test, chi [2] and Wilcoxon tests were used to analyze data. Pain was relieved in more than half and locking disappeared in all of the patients. giving way diminished from 79.3% to 6.9%. Special instability tests showed a significant improvement after surgery [P<0.001]. Most of the patients returned to the preinjury level of work or sports. Based on the results of this study, after correcting varus, ACL-reconstruction alone, without further invasive procedures on extra-articular structures and posterolateral complex, is sufficient to cure this instability, avoiding unneeded complications and longer rehabilitation

Chlorine residual efficiency in inactivating bacteria from secondary contamination in Isfahan, 2002

To investigate the inactivation of potential pathogens, we evaluated survival rates for Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Aeromonas hydrophila and Salmonella typhi in samples taken from the Isfahan drinking water system. Chlorine residual, pH, temperature and total organic carbon levels were measured. The organism most sensitive to chlorine was A. hydrophila. It was inactived in < 100 minutes at chlorine levels of 0.11 mg/L to 0.90 mg/L. The other 3 organisms showed higher resistance. E. coli tolerated 0.30 mg/L chlorine for > 1000 minutes while Ent. faecalis and S. typhi survived at total chlorine concentration of 0.50 mg/L for 100 minutes. We concluded that total chlorine levels of less than 0.71 mg/L in water supply systems cannot provide the recommended safety levels